world.h

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#pragma once
 
#include <memory>
#include <string>
#include <string_view>
#include <type_traits>
 
#include <absl/container/btree_map.h>
#include <absl/container/btree_set.h>
#include <fe/arena.h>
 
#include "mim/axm.h"
#include "mim/check.h"
#include "mim/flags.h"
#include "mim/lam.h"
#include "mim/lattice.h"
#include "mim/rule.h"
#include "mim/tuple.h"
 
#include "mim/util/dbg.h"
#include "mim/util/log.h"
 
namespace mim {
 
class Driver;
 
/// The World represents the whole program and manages creation of MimIR nodes (Def%s).
/// Def%s are hashed into an internal HashSet.
/// The World's factory methods just calculate a hash and lookup the Def, if it is already present, or create a new one
/// otherwise. This corresponds to value numbering.
///
/// You can create several worlds.
/// All worlds are completely independent from each other.
///
/// Note that types are also just Def%s and will be hashed as well.
class World {
public:
    /// @name State
    ///@{
    struct State {
        State() = default;
 
        /// [Plain Old Data](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/named_req/PODType)
        struct POD {
            u32 curr_gid = 0;
            u32 curr_sub = 0;
            Loc loc;
            Sym name;
            mutable bool frozen = false;
        } pod;
 
#ifdef MIM_ENABLE_CHECKS
        absl::flat_hash_set<uint32_t> breakpoints;
        absl::flat_hash_set<uint32_t> watchpoints;
#endif
        friend void swap(State& s1, State& s2) noexcept {
            using std::swap;
            assert((!s1.pod.loc || !s2.pod.loc) && "Why is get_loc() still set?");
            swap(s1.pod, s2.pod);
#ifdef MIM_ENABLE_CHECKS
            swap(s1.breakpoints, s2.breakpoints);
            swap(s1.watchpoints, s2.watchpoints);
#endif
        }
    };
 
    /// @name Construction & Destruction
    ///@{
    World& operator=(World) = delete;
 
    explicit World(Driver*);
    World(Driver*, const State&);
    World(World&& other) noexcept
        : World(&other.driver(), other.state()) {
        swap(*this, other);
    }
    ~World();
 
    World inherit() { return freeze(), World(&driver(), state()); } ///< Inherits the @p state into the new World.
    std::unique_ptr<World> inherit_ptr() { return std::make_unique<World>(&driver(), state()); } ///< As above.
    ///@}
 
    /// @name Getters/Setters
    ///@{
    const State& state() const { return state_; }
 
    const Driver& driver() const { return *driver_; }
    Driver& driver() { return *driver_; }
 
    Sym name() const { return state_.pod.name; }
    void set(Sym name) { state_.pod.name = name; }
    void set(std::string_view name) { state_.pod.name = sym(name); }
 
    /// Manage global identifier - a unique number for each Def.
    u32 curr_gid() const { return state_.pod.curr_gid; }
    u32 next_gid() { return ++state_.pod.curr_gid; }
    u32 next_run() { return ++data_.curr_run; }
 
    /// Retrieve compile Flags.
    Flags& flags();
    ///@}
 
    /// @name Loc
    ///@{
    struct ScopedLoc {
        ScopedLoc(World& world, Loc old_loc)
            : world_(world)
            , old_loc_(old_loc) {}
        ~ScopedLoc() { world_.set_loc(old_loc_); }
 
    private:
        World& world_;
        Loc old_loc_;
    };
 
    Loc get_loc() const { return state_.pod.loc; }
    void set_loc(Loc loc = {}) { state_.pod.loc = loc; }
    ScopedLoc push(Loc loc) {
        auto sl = ScopedLoc(*this, get_loc());
        set_loc(loc);
        return sl;
    }
    ///@}
 
    /// @name Sym
    ///@{
    Sym sym(std::string_view);
    Sym sym(const char*);
    Sym sym(const std::string&);
    /// Appends a @p suffix or an increasing number if the suffix already exists.
    Sym append_suffix(Sym name, std::string suffix);
    ///@}
 
    /// @name Freeze
    /// In frozen state the World does not create any nodes.
    ///@{
    bool is_frozen() const { return state_.pod.frozen; }
 
    /// Yields old frozen state.
    bool freeze(bool on = true) const {
        bool old          = state_.pod.frozen;
        state_.pod.frozen = on;
        return old;
    }
 
    /// Use to World::freeze and automatically unfreeze at the end of scope.
    struct Freezer {
        Freezer(const World& world)
            : world(world)
            , old(world.freeze(true)) {}
        ~Freezer() { world.freeze(old); }
 
        const World& world;
        bool old;
    };
    ///@}
 
    /// @name Debugging Features
    ///@{
#ifdef MIM_ENABLE_CHECKS
    const auto& breakpoints() { return state_.breakpoints; }
    const auto& watchpoints() { return state_.watchpoints; }
 
    const Def* gid2def(u32 gid); ///< Lookup Def by @p gid.
    void breakpoint(u32 gid);    ///< Trigger breakpoint in your debugger when creating      a Def with this @p gid.
    void watchpoint(u32 gid);    ///< Trigger breakpoint in your debugger when Def::set%ting a Def with this @p gid.
 
    World& verify(); ///< Verifies that all externals() and annexes() are Def::is_closed(), if `MIM_ENABLE_CHECKS`.
#else
    World& verify() { return *this; }
#endif
    ///@}
 
    /// @name Annexes
    ///@{
    const auto& flags2annex() const { return move_.flags2annex; }
    auto annexes() const { return move_.flags2annex | std::views::values; }
 
    /// Lookup annex by Axm::id.
    template<class Id>
    const Def* annex(Id id) {
        auto flags = static_cast<flags_t>(id);
        if (auto i = move_.flags2annex.find(flags); i != move_.flags2annex.end()) return i->second;
        error("Axm with ID '{x}' not found; demangled plugin name is '{}'", flags, Annex::demangle(driver(), flags));
    }
 
    /// Get Axm from a plugin.
    /// Can be used to get an Axm without sub-tags.
    /// E.g. use `w.annex<mem::M>();` to get the `%mem.M` Axm.
    template<annex_without_subs id>
    const Def* annex() {
        return annex(Annex::Base<id>);
    }
 
    const Def* register_annex(flags_t f, const Def*);
    const Def* register_annex(plugin_t p, tag_t t, sub_t s, const Def* def) {
        return register_annex(p | (flags_t(t) << 8_u64) | flags_t(s), def);
    }
    ///@}
 
    /// @name Externals
    ///@{
    const auto& sym2external() const { return move_.sym2external; }
    Def* external(Sym name) { return mim::lookup(move_.sym2external, name); } ///< Lookup by @p name.
    auto externals() const { return move_.sym2external | std::views::values; }
    Vector<Def*> copy_externals() const { return {externals().begin(), externals().end()}; }
    void make_external(Def*);
    void make_internal(Def*);
    ///@}
 
    /// @name Univ, Type, Var, Proxy, Hole
    ///@{
    const Univ* univ() { return data_.univ; }
    const Def* uinc(const Def* op, level_t offset = 1);
    template<int sort = UMax::Univ>
    const Def* umax(Defs);
    const Type* type(const Def* level);
    const Type* type_infer_univ() { return type(mut_hole_univ()); }
    template<level_t level = 0>
    const Type* type() {
        if constexpr (level == 0)
            return data_.type_0;
        else if constexpr (level == 1)
            return data_.type_1;
        else
            return type(lit_univ(level));
    }
    const Def* var(const Def* type, Def* mut);
    const Proxy* proxy(const Def* type, Defs ops, u32 index, u32 tag) { return unify<Proxy>(type, index, tag, ops); }
 
    Hole* mut_hole(const Def* type) { return insert<Hole>(type); }
    Hole* mut_hole_univ() { return mut_hole(univ()); }
    Hole* mut_hole_type() { return mut_hole(type_infer_univ()); }
 
    /// Either a value `?:?:Type ?` or a type `?:Type ?:Type ?`.
    Hole* mut_hole_infer_entity() {
        auto t   = type_infer_univ();
        auto res = mut_hole(mut_hole(t));
        assert(this == &res->world());
        return res;
    }
    ///@}
 
    /// @name Axm
    ///@{
    const Axm* axm(NormalizeFn n, u8 curry, u8 trip, const Def* type, plugin_t p, tag_t t, sub_t s) {
        return unify<Axm>(n, curry, trip, type, p, t, s);
    }
    const Axm* axm(const Def* type, plugin_t p, tag_t t, sub_t s) { return axm(nullptr, 0, 0, type, p, t, s); }
 
    /// Builds a fresh Axm with descending Axm::sub.
    /// This is useful during testing to come up with some entity of a specific type.
    /// It uses the plugin Axm::Global_Plugin and starts with `0` for Axm::sub and counts up from there.
    /// The Axm::tag is set to `0` and the Axm::normalizer to `nullptr`.
    const Axm* axm(NormalizeFn n, u8 curry, u8 trip, const Def* type) {
        return axm(n, curry, trip, type, Annex::Global_Plugin, 0, state_.pod.curr_sub++);
    }
    const Axm* axm(const Def* type) { return axm(nullptr, 0, 0, type); } ///< See above.
    ///@}
 
    /// @name Pi
    ///@{
    // clang-format off
    const Pi* pi(const Def* dom, const Def* codom, bool implicit = false) { return unify<Pi>(Pi::infer(dom, codom), dom, codom, implicit); }
    const Pi* pi(Defs       dom, const Def* codom, bool implicit = false) { return pi(sigma(dom), codom, implicit); }
    const Pi* pi(const Def* dom, Defs       codom, bool implicit = false) { return pi(dom, sigma(codom), implicit); }
    const Pi* pi(Defs       dom, Defs       codom, bool implicit = false) { return pi(sigma(dom), sigma(codom), implicit); }
    Pi*   mut_pi(const Def* type,                  bool implicit = false) { return insert<Pi>(type, implicit); }
    // clang-format on
    ///@}
 
    /// @name Cn
    /// Pi with codom mim::Bot%tom
    ///@{
    // clang-format off
    const Pi* cn(                                                       ) { return cn(sigma(   ),                   false); }
    const Pi* cn(const Def* dom,                   bool implicit = false) { return pi(      dom ,    type_bot(), implicit); }
    const Pi* cn(Defs       dom,                   bool implicit = false) { return cn(sigma(dom),                implicit); }
    const Pi* fn(const Def* dom, const Def* codom, bool implicit = false) { return cn({     dom ,    cn(codom)}, implicit); }
    const Pi* fn(Defs       dom, const Def* codom, bool implicit = false) { return fn(sigma(dom),       codom,   implicit); }
    const Pi* fn(const Def* dom, Defs       codom, bool implicit = false) { return fn(      dom , sigma(codom),  implicit); }
    const Pi* fn(Defs       dom, Defs       codom, bool implicit = false) { return fn(sigma(dom), sigma(codom),  implicit); }
    // clang-format on
    ///@}
 
    /// @name Lam
    ///@{
    const Def* filter(Lam::Filter filter) {
        if (auto b = std::get_if<bool>(&filter)) return lit_bool(*b);
        return std::get<const Def*>(filter);
    }
    const Lam* lam(const Pi* pi, Lam::Filter f, const Def* body) { return unify<Lam>(pi, filter(f), body); }
    Lam* mut_lam(const Pi* pi) { return insert<Lam>(pi); }
    // clang-format off
    const Lam* con(const Def* dom,                   Lam::Filter f, const Def* body) { return unify<Lam>(cn(dom        ), filter(f), body); }
    const Lam* con(Defs       dom,                   Lam::Filter f, const Def* body) { return unify<Lam>(cn(dom        ), filter(f), body); }
    const Lam* lam(const Def* dom, const Def* codom, Lam::Filter f, const Def* body) { return unify<Lam>(pi(dom,  codom), filter(f), body); }
    const Lam* lam(Defs       dom, const Def* codom, Lam::Filter f, const Def* body) { return unify<Lam>(pi(dom,  codom), filter(f), body); }
    const Lam* lam(const Def* dom, Defs       codom, Lam::Filter f, const Def* body) { return unify<Lam>(pi(dom,  codom), filter(f), body); }
    const Lam* lam(Defs       dom, Defs       codom, Lam::Filter f, const Def* body) { return unify<Lam>(pi(dom,  codom), filter(f), body); }
    const Lam* fun(const Def* dom, const Def* codom, Lam::Filter f, const Def* body) { return unify<Lam>(fn(dom,  codom), filter(f), body); }
    const Lam* fun(Defs       dom, const Def* codom, Lam::Filter f, const Def* body) { return unify<Lam>(fn(dom,  codom), filter(f), body); }
    const Lam* fun(const Def* dom, Defs       codom, Lam::Filter f, const Def* body) { return unify<Lam>(fn(dom,  codom), filter(f), body); }
    const Lam* fun(Defs       dom, Defs       codom, Lam::Filter f, const Def* body) { return unify<Lam>(fn(dom,  codom), filter(f), body); }
    Lam*   mut_con(const Def* dom                  ) { return insert<Lam>(cn(dom       )); }
    Lam*   mut_con(Defs       dom                  ) { return insert<Lam>(cn(dom       )); }
    Lam*   mut_lam(const Def* dom, const Def* codom) { return insert<Lam>(pi(dom, codom)); }
    Lam*   mut_lam(Defs       dom, const Def* codom) { return insert<Lam>(pi(dom, codom)); }
    Lam*   mut_lam(const Def* dom, Defs       codom) { return insert<Lam>(pi(dom, codom)); }
    Lam*   mut_lam(Defs       dom, Defs       codom) { return insert<Lam>(pi(dom, codom)); }
    Lam*   mut_fun(const Def* dom, const Def* codom) { return insert<Lam>(fn(dom, codom)); }
    Lam*   mut_fun(Defs       dom, const Def* codom) { return insert<Lam>(fn(dom, codom)); }
    Lam*   mut_fun(const Def* dom, Defs       codom) { return insert<Lam>(fn(dom, codom)); }
    Lam*   mut_fun(Defs       dom, Defs       codom) { return insert<Lam>(fn(dom, codom)); }
    // clang-format on
    ///@}
 
    /// @name Rewrite Rules
    ///@{
    const Reform* reform(const Def* meta_type) { return unify<Reform>(Reform::infer(meta_type), meta_type); }
    Rule* mut_rule(const Reform* type) { return insert<Rule>(type); }
    const Rule* rule(const Reform* type, const Def* lhs, const Def* rhs, const Def* guard) {
        return mut_rule(type)->set(lhs, rhs, guard);
    }
    const Rule* rule(const Def* meta_type, const Def* lhs, const Def* rhs, const Def* guard) {
        return rule(reform(meta_type), lhs, rhs, guard);
    }
    ///@}
 
    /// @name App
    ///@{
    template<bool Normalize = true>
    const Def* app(const Def* callee, const Def* arg);
    template<bool Normalize = true>
    const Def* app(const Def* callee, Defs args) {
        return app<Normalize>(callee, tuple(args));
    }
    const Def* raw_app(const Axm* axm, u8 curry, u8 trip, const Def* type, const Def* callee, const Def* arg);
    const Def* raw_app(const Def* type, const Def* callee, const Def* arg);
    const Def* raw_app(const Def* type, const Def* callee, Defs args) { return raw_app(type, callee, tuple(args)); }
    ///@}
 
    /// @name Sigma
    ///@{
    Sigma* mut_sigma(const Def* type, size_t size) { return insert<Sigma>(type, size); }
    /// A *mutable* Sigma of type @p level.
    template<level_t level = 0>
    Sigma* mut_sigma(size_t size) {
        return mut_sigma(type<level>(), size);
    }
    const Def* sigma(Defs ops);
    const Sigma* sigma() { return data_.sigma; } ///< The unit type within Type 0.
    ///@}
 
    /// @name Arr
    ///@{
    // clang-format off
    const Def* unit(bool term) { return term ? (const Def*)tuple() : sigma(); }
 
    Seq* mut_seq(bool term, const Def* type) { return term ? (Seq*)insert<Pack>(type) : insert<Arr>(type); }
    const Def* seq(bool term, const Def* arity, const Def* body);
    const Def* seq(bool term, Defs shape, const Def* body);
    const Def* seq(bool term, u64 n, const Def* body) { return seq(term, lit_nat(n), body); }
    const Def* seq(bool term, View<u64> shape, const Def* body) { return seq(term, DefVec(shape.size(), [&](size_t i) { return lit_nat(shape[i]); }), body); }
    const Def* seq_unsafe(bool term, const Def* body) { return seq(term, top_nat(), body); }
 
    template<level_t level = 0>
    Arr* mut_arr() {
        return mut_arr(type<level>());
    }
 
    Arr * mut_arr (const Def* type) { return mut_seq(false, type)->as<Arr >(); }
    Pack* mut_pack(const Def* type) { return mut_seq(true , type)->as<Pack>(); }
    const Def* arr (const Def* arity, const Def* body) { return seq(false, arity, body); }
    const Def* pack(const Def* arity, const Def* body) { return seq(true , arity, body); }
    const Def* arr (Defs       shape, const Def* body) { return seq(false, shape, body); }
    const Def* pack(Defs       shape, const Def* body) { return seq(true , shape, body); }
    const Def* arr (u64            n, const Def* body) { return seq(false,     n, body); }
    const Def* pack(u64            n, const Def* body) { return seq(true ,     n, body); }
    const Def* arr (View<u64>  shape, const Def* body) { return seq(false, shape, body); }
    const Def* pack(View<u64>  shape, const Def* body) { return seq(true , shape, body); }
    const Def*  arr_unsafe(           const Def* body) { return seq_unsafe(false, body); }
    const Def* pack_unsafe(           const Def* body) { return seq_unsafe(true , body); }
 
    const Def* prod(bool term, Defs ops) { return term ? tuple(ops) : sigma(ops); }
    const Def* prod(bool term) { return term ? (const Def*)tuple() : (const Def*)sigma(); }
    // clang-format on
    ///@}
 
    /// @name Tuple
    ///@{
    const Def* tuple(Defs ops);
    /// Ascribes @p type to this tuple - needed for dependently typed and mutable Sigma%s.
    const Def* tuple(const Def* type, Defs ops);
    const Tuple* tuple() { return data_.tuple; } ///< the unit value of type `[]`
    const Def* tuple(Sym sym);                   ///< Converts @p sym to a tuple of type '«n; I8»'.
    ///@}
 
    /// @name Extract
    /// @see core::extract_unsafe
    ///@{
    const Def* extract(const Def* d, const Def* i);
    const Def* extract(const Def* d, u64 a, u64 i) { return extract(d, lit_idx(a, i)); }
    const Def* extract(const Def* d, u64 i) { return extract(d, Lit::as(d->arity()), i); }
 
    /// Builds `(f, t)#cond`.
    /// @note Expects @p cond as first, @p t as second, and @p f as third argument.
    const Def* select(const Def* cond, const Def* t, const Def* f) { return extract(tuple({f, t}), cond); }
    ///@}
 
    /// @name Insert
    /// @see core::insert_unsafe
    ///@{
    const Def* insert(const Def* d, const Def* i, const Def* val);
    const Def* insert(const Def* d, u64 a, u64 i, const Def* val) { return insert(d, lit_idx(a, i), val); }
    const Def* insert(const Def* d, u64 i, const Def* val) { return insert(d, Lit::as(d->arity()), i, val); }
    ///@}
 
    /// @name Lit
    ///@{
    const Lit* lit(const Def* type, u64 val);
    const Lit* lit_univ(u64 level) { return lit(univ(), level); }
    const Lit* lit_univ_0() { return data_.lit_univ_0; }
    const Lit* lit_univ_1() { return data_.lit_univ_1; }
    const Lit* lit_nat(nat_t a) { return lit(type_nat(), a); }
    const Lit* lit_nat_0() { return data_.lit_nat_0; }
    const Lit* lit_nat_1() { return data_.lit_nat_1; }
    const Lit* lit_nat_max() { return data_.lit_nat_max; }
    const Lit* lit_idx_1_0() { return data_.lit_idx_1_0; }
    // clang-format off
    const Lit* lit_i1()  { return lit_nat(Idx::bitwidth2size( 1)); };
    const Lit* lit_i8()  { return lit_nat(Idx::bitwidth2size( 8)); };
    const Lit* lit_i16() { return lit_nat(Idx::bitwidth2size(16)); };
    const Lit* lit_i32() { return lit_nat(Idx::bitwidth2size(32)); };
    const Lit* lit_i64() { return lit_nat(Idx::bitwidth2size(64)); };
    /// Constructs a Lit of type Idx of size @p size.
    /// @note `size = 0` means `2^64`.
    const Lit* lit_idx(nat_t size, u64 val) { return lit(type_idx(size), val); }
    const Lit* lit_idx_unsafe(u64 val) { return lit(type_idx(top(type_nat())), val); }
 
    template<class I> const Lit* lit_idx(I val) {
        static_assert(std::is_integral<I>());
        return lit_idx(Idx::bitwidth2size(sizeof(I) * 8), val);
    }
 
    /// Constructs a Lit @p of type Idx of size 2^width.
    /// `val = 64` will be automatically converted to size `0` - the encoding for 2^64.
    const Lit* lit_int(nat_t width, u64 val) { return lit_idx(Idx::bitwidth2size(width), val); }
    const Lit* lit_i1 (bool val) { return lit_int( 1, u64(val)); }
    const Lit* lit_i2 (u8   val) { return lit_int( 2, u64(val)); }
    const Lit* lit_i4 (u8   val) { return lit_int( 4, u64(val)); }
    const Lit* lit_i8 (u8   val) { return lit_int( 8, u64(val)); }
    const Lit* lit_i16(u16  val) { return lit_int(16, u64(val)); }
    const Lit* lit_i32(u32  val) { return lit_int(32, u64(val)); }
    const Lit* lit_i64(u64  val) { return lit_int(64, u64(val)); }
    // clang-format on
 
    /// Constructs a Lit of type Idx of size @p mod.
    /// The value @p val will be adjusted modulo @p mod.
    /// @note `mod == 0` is the special case for 2^64 and no modulo will be performed on @p val.
    const Lit* lit_idx_mod(nat_t mod, u64 val) { return lit_idx(mod, mod == 0 ? val : (val % mod)); }
 
    const Lit* lit_bool(bool val) { return data_.lit_bool[size_t(val)]; }
    const Lit* lit_ff() { return data_.lit_bool[0]; }
    const Lit* lit_tt() { return data_.lit_bool[1]; }
    ///@}
 
    /// @name Lattice
    ///@{
    template<bool Up>
    const Def* ext(const Def* type);
    const Def* bot(const Def* type) { return ext<false>(type); }
    const Def* top(const Def* type) { return ext<true>(type); }
    const Def* type_bot() { return data_.type_bot; }
    const Def* type_top() { return data_.type_top; }
    const Def* top_nat() { return data_.top_nat; }
    template<bool Up>
    const Def* bound(Defs ops);
    const Def* join(Defs ops) { return bound<true>(ops); }
    const Def* meet(Defs ops) { return bound<false>(ops); }
    const Def* merge(const Def* type, Defs ops);
    const Def* merge(Defs ops); ///< Infers the type using a Meet.
    const Def* inj(const Def* type, const Def* value);
    const Def* split(const Def* type, const Def* value);
    const Def* match(Defs);
    const Def* uniq(const Def* inhabitant);
    ///@}
 
    /// @name Globals
    /// @deprecated Will be removed.
    ///@{
    Global* global(const Def* type, bool is_mutable = true) { return insert<Global>(type, is_mutable); }
    ///@}
 
    /// @name Types
    ///@{
    const Nat* type_nat() { return data_.type_nat; }
    const Idx* type_idx() { return data_.type_idx; }
    /// @note `size = 0` means `2^64`.
    const Def* type_idx(const Def* size) { return app(type_idx(), size); }
    /// @note `size = 0` means `2^64`.
    const Def* type_idx(nat_t size) { return type_idx(lit_nat(size)); }
 
    /// Constructs a type Idx of size 2^width.
    /// `width = 64` will be automatically converted to size `0` - the encoding for 2^64.
    const Def* type_int(nat_t width) { return type_idx(lit_nat(Idx::bitwidth2size(width))); }
    // clang-format off
    const Def* type_bool() { return data_.type_bool; }
    const Def* type_i1()   { return data_.type_bool; }
    const Def* type_i2()   { return type_int( 2);    };
    const Def* type_i4()   { return type_int( 4);    };
    const Def* type_i8()   { return type_int( 8);    };
    const Def* type_i16()  { return type_int(16);    };
    const Def* type_i32()  { return type_int(32);    };
    const Def* type_i64()  { return type_int(64);    };
    // clang-format on
    ///@}
 
    /// @name Cope with implicit Arguments
    ///@{
 
    /// Places Hole%s as demanded by Pi::is_implicit() and then apps @p arg.
    template<bool Normalize = true>
    const Def* implicit_app(const Def* callee, const Def* arg);
    template<bool Normalize = true>
    const Def* implicit_app(const Def* callee, Defs args) {
        return implicit_app<Normalize>(callee, tuple(args));
    }
    template<bool Normalize = true>
    const Def* implicit_app(const Def* callee, nat_t arg) {
        return implicit_app<Normalize>(callee, lit_nat(arg));
    }
    template<bool Normalize = true, class E>
    const Def* implicit_app(const Def* callee, E arg)
        requires std::is_enum_v<E> && std::is_same_v<std::underlying_type_t<E>, nat_t>
    {
        return implicit_app<Normalize>(callee, lit_nat((nat_t)arg));
    }
 
    /// Complete curried call of annexes obeying implicits.
    // clang-format off
    template<class Id, bool Normalize = true, class... Args> const Def* call(Id id, Args&&... args) { return call_<Normalize>(annex(id),   std::forward<Args>(args)...); }
    template<class Id, bool Normalize = true, class... Args> const Def* call(       Args&&... args) { return call_<Normalize>(annex<Id>(), std::forward<Args>(args)...); }
    // clang-format on
    ///@}
 
    /// @name Vars & Muts
    /// Manges sets of Vars and Muts.
    ///@{
    [[nodiscard]] auto& vars() { return move_.vars; }
    [[nodiscard]] auto& muts() { return move_.muts; }
    [[nodiscard]] const auto& vars() const { return move_.vars; }
    [[nodiscard]] const auto& muts() const { return move_.muts; }
 
    /// Yields the new body of `[mut->var() -> arg]mut`.
    /// The new body may have fewer elements as `mut->num_ops()` according to Def::reduction_offset.
    /// E.g. a Pi has a Pi::reduction_offset of 1, and only Pi::dom will be reduced - *not* Pi::codom.
    Defs reduce(const Var* var, const Def* arg);
    ///@}
 
    /// @name dump/log
    ///@{
    Log& log();
    void dummy() {}
    void dump(std::ostream& os);  ///< Dump to @p os.
    void dump();                  ///< Dump to `std::cout`.
    void debug_dump();            ///< Dump in Debug build if World::log::level is Log::Level::Debug.
    void write(const char* file); ///< Write to a file named @p file.
    void write();                 ///< Same above but file name defaults to World::name.
    ///@}
 
    /// @name dot
    /// GraphViz output.
    ///@{
 
    /// Dumps DOT to @p os.
    /// @param os Output stream
    /// @param annexes If `true`, include all annexes - even if unused.
    /// @param types Follow type dependencies?
    void dot(std::ostream& os, bool annexes = false, bool types = false) const;
    /// Same as above but write to @p file or `std::cout` if @p file is `nullptr`.
    void dot(const char* file = nullptr, bool annexes = false, bool types = false) const;
    ///@}
 
private:
    /// @name call_
    /// Helpers to unwind World::call with variadic templates.
    ///@{
    template<bool Normalize = true, class T, class... Args>
    const Def* call_(const Def* callee, T arg, Args&&... args) {
        return call_<Normalize>(implicit_app(callee, arg), std::forward<Args>(args)...);
    }
    template<bool Normalize = true, class T>
    const Def* call_(const Def* callee, T arg) {
        return implicit_app<Normalize>(callee, arg);
    }
    ///@}
 
    /// @name Put into Sea of Nodes
    ///@{
    template<class T, class... Args>
    const T* unify(Args&&... args) {
        auto num_ops = T::Num_Ops;
        if constexpr (T::Num_Ops == std::dynamic_extent) {
            auto&& last = std::get<sizeof...(Args) - 1>(std::forward_as_tuple(std::forward<Args>(args)...));
            num_ops     = last.size();
        }
 
        auto state = move_.arena.defs.state();
        auto def   = allocate<T>(num_ops, std::forward<Args&&>(args)...);
        if (auto loc = get_loc()) def->set(loc);
        assert(!def->isa_mut());
#ifdef MIM_ENABLE_CHECKS
        if (flags().trace_gids) outln("{}: {} - {}", def->node_name(), def->gid(), def->flags());
        if (flags().reeval_breakpoints && breakpoints().contains(def->gid())) fe::breakpoint();
#endif
        if (is_frozen()) {
            auto i = move_.defs.find(def);
            deallocate<T>(state, def);
            if (i != move_.defs.end()) return static_cast<const T*>(*i);
            return nullptr;
        }
 
        if (auto [i, ins] = move_.defs.emplace(def); !ins) {
            deallocate<T>(state, def);
            return static_cast<const T*>(*i);
        }
#ifdef MIM_ENABLE_CHECKS
        if (!flags().reeval_breakpoints && breakpoints().contains(def->gid())) fe::breakpoint();
#endif
        return def;
    }
 
    template<class T>
    void deallocate(fe::Arena::State state, const T* ptr) {
        --state_.pod.curr_gid;
        ptr->~T();
        move_.arena.defs.deallocate(state);
    }
 
    template<class T, class... Args>
    T* insert(Args&&... args) {
        auto num_ops = T::Num_Ops;
        if constexpr (T::Num_Ops == std::dynamic_extent)
            num_ops = std::get<sizeof...(Args) - 1>(std::forward_as_tuple(std::forward<Args>(args)...));
 
        auto def = allocate<T>(num_ops, std::forward<Args>(args)...);
        if (auto loc = get_loc()) def->set(loc);
#ifdef MIM_ENABLE_CHECKS
        if (flags().trace_gids) outln("{}: {} - {}", def->node_name(), def->gid(), def->flags());
        if (breakpoints().contains(def->gid())) fe::breakpoint();
#endif
        assert_emplace(move_.defs, def);
        return def;
    }
 
#if (!defined(_MSC_VER) && defined(NDEBUG))
    struct Lock {
        Lock() { assert((guard_ = !guard_) && "you are not allowed to recursively invoke allocate"); }
        ~Lock() { guard_ = !guard_; }
        static bool guard_;
    };
#else
    struct Lock {
        ~Lock() {}
    };
#endif
 
    template<class T, class... Args>
    T* allocate(size_t num_ops, Args&&... args) {
        static_assert(sizeof(Def) == sizeof(T),
                      "you are not allowed to introduce any additional data in subclasses of Def");
        auto lock      = Lock();
        auto num_bytes = sizeof(Def) + sizeof(uintptr_t) * num_ops;
        auto ptr       = move_.arena.defs.allocate(num_bytes, alignof(T));
        auto res       = new (ptr) T(std::forward<Args>(args)...);
        assert(res->num_ops() == num_ops);
        return res;
    }
    ///@}
 
    Driver* driver_;
    State state_;
 
    struct SeaHash {
        size_t operator()(const Def* def) const { return def->hash(); }
    };
 
    struct SeaEq {
        bool operator()(const Def* d1, const Def* d2) const { return d1->equal(d2); }
    };
 
    class Reduct {
    public:
        constexpr Reduct(size_t size) noexcept
            : size_(size) {}
 
        template<size_t N = std::dynamic_extent>
        constexpr auto defs() const noexcept {
            return View<const Def*, N>{defs_, size_};
        }
 
    private:
        size_t size_;
        const Def* defs_[];
 
        friend class World;
    };
 
    struct Move {
        struct {
            fe::Arena defs, substs;
        } arena;
 
        absl::btree_map<flags_t, const Def*> flags2annex;
        absl::btree_map<Sym, Def*> sym2external;
        absl::flat_hash_set<const Def*, SeaHash, SeaEq> defs;
        Sets<Def> muts;
        Sets<const Var> vars;
        absl::flat_hash_map<std::pair<const Var*, const Def*>, const Reduct*> substs;
 
        friend void swap(Move& m1, Move& m2) noexcept {
            using std::swap;
            // clang-format off
            swap(m1.arena.defs,   m2.arena.defs);
            swap(m1.arena.substs, m2.arena.substs);
            swap(m1.defs,         m2.defs);
            swap(m1.substs,       m2.substs);
            swap(m1.vars,         m2.vars);
            swap(m1.muts,         m2.muts);
            swap(m1.flags2annex,  m2.flags2annex);
            swap(m1.sym2external, m2.sym2external);
            // clang-format on
        }
    } move_;
 
    struct {
        const Univ* univ;
        const Type* type_0;
        const Type* type_1;
        const Bot* type_bot;
        const Top* type_top;
        const Def* type_bool;
        const Top* top_nat;
        const Sigma* sigma;
        const Tuple* tuple;
        const Nat* type_nat;
        const Idx* type_idx;
        const Def* table_id;
        const Def* table_not;
        const Lit* lit_univ_0;
        const Lit* lit_univ_1;
        const Lit* lit_nat_0;
        const Lit* lit_nat_1;
        const Lit* lit_nat_max;
        const Lit* lit_idx_1_0;
        std::array<const Lit*, 2> lit_bool;
        u32 curr_run = 0;
    } data_;
 
    friend void swap(World& w1, World& w2) noexcept {
        using std::swap;
        // clang-format off
        swap(w1.state_, w2.state_);
        swap(w1.data_,  w2.data_ );
        swap(w1.move_,  w2.move_ );
        // clang-format on
 
        swap(w1.data_.univ->world_, w2.data_.univ->world_);
        assert(&w1.univ()->world() == &w1);
        assert(&w2.univ()->world() == &w2);
    }
};
 
} // namespace mim